International Innovative Research Founder of the journal “International Innovative Research”: Pinnacle Research House LLC. ISSN: 3093-8570 Impact factor|: 8.587 / 2025 Registered under Certificate No. 825399 by the Agency for Information and Mass Communications under the Administration of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The scientific-theoretical journal “International Innovative Research” is published 12 times per year. The journal “International Innovative Research” is a comprehensive publication aiming to contribute significantly to scientific-theoretical and practical research and knowledge by publishing the latest global studies in the following fields: 05.00.00 – Technical Sciences 07.00.00 – Historical Sciences 08.00.00 – Economic Sciences 10.00.00 – Philological Sciences 13.00.00 – Pedagogical Sciences 19.00.00 – Psychological Sciences When citing materials from the journal, the phrase “Cited from the Journal ‘International Innovative Research’” must be included. The author is responsible for the accuracy of facts presented in the article. Accepted languages for submissions: Uzbek, Russian, English, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Turkmen, Turkish.
COMMUNICATION STYLES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MILITARY SPHERE
This article investigates the intricate relationship between communication styles and the psychological states of individuals within the military context. It emphasizes how specific communication patterns can influence not only interpersonal relationships among service members but also their overall mental health and well-being. The authors analyze various communication styles, such as assertive, passive, and aggressive approaches, and their respective impacts on team cohesion, morale, and individual stress levels.
psychological states; communication strategies; operational effectiveness; linguistic character; linguistics; cultural competence; social practice; context perception; interdisciplinary education; language society.
THE PARTICULAR METHODOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR TEACHING ENGLISH
This article explores the specific methodological parameters essential for effective English language teaching. It emphasizes the significance of tailoring teaching strategies to accommodate diverse learner needs and contexts. The author discusses various pedagogical approaches, including communicative language teaching, task-based learning, and the use of technology in the classroom. The article highlights the importance of setting clear learning objectives, assessing students' proficiency levels, and incorporating interactive activities to enhance engagement and retention.
task-based learning; significance of tailoring; case studies; societies; Legacy; diversity; worldview, valuable resource, cultural awareness
ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MODERNIZATION OF INFORMATION AND LIBRARY SERVICES IN THE KASHKADARYA REGION
This article analyzes the processes of technological and institutional modernization of information and library services in the Kashkadarya region. The study examines the level of digitalization of information and library institutions, opportunities for the use of electronic resources, the implementation of automated library systems, and the factors affecting service quality. In addition, the management model of information and library centers, their regulatory and legal framework, and the level of application of modern information and communication technologies were evaluated. The findings reveal the need to further digitalize library services, expand electronic catalog databases, and develop remote user service systems.
information and library center, digitalization, electronic library, information technologies, institutional development, library management, Kashkadarya region, electronic catalog.
THE LINGUISTIC NATURE OF FAMILY LAW LEGAL TEXTS
This article examines the linguistic nature of family law legal texts from a comparative perspective, focusing on English and Uzbek legal systems. Family law texts are characterized by specialized terminology, complex syntactic structures, and normative semantic content, which collectively ensure precision, consistency, and enforceability. The study analyzes lexical, syntactic, and semantic features, highlighting their role in legal interpretation and translation. A comparative examination demonstrates both functional equivalence and linguistic variability between English and Uzbek family law terminology. The findings emphasize that understanding the linguistic features of legal texts is essential for accurate interpretation, effective legislative drafting, and reliable translation.
Family law, legal language, linguistic analysis, English–Uzbek comparison, terminology, legal interpretation.
CHANGES IN TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT FORMS IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
The article analyzes the transformation of traditional forms of economic activity under conditions of intensifying environmental problems, using Uzbekistan and Central Asia as case studies. The main purpose of the study is to determine how farming, livestock breeding, and pasture-based economic systems are adapting under the influence of water scarcity, desertification, soil degradation, climate extremes, and increasing anthropogenic pressure. The article employs historical-comparative, ecological-anthropological, systematic, and source-based approaches. The analysis of scholarly literature shows that traditional forms of economic activity are not disappearing as a result of ecological crisis; rather, they are shifting toward complex hybrid forms under the influence of market relations, state policy, water management institutions, and modern agricultural technologies. In the conclusion, local ecological knowledge is assessed as an important historical and practical resource for contemporary sustainable development strategies.
environmental problems, traditional economy, climate change, water scarcity, desertification, pasture economy, agrarian transformation, local ecological knowledge, adaptation strategies.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FILM-LAYING DEVICE FOR MELON CROPS
This article examines the development of a universal film bedding device designed for planting melons and watermelons under polyethylene film under the conditions of Uzbekistan. A structural and technological analysis of existing film-laying devices in world and national experience was conducted, and their main shortcomings were identified. The proposed device allows for the formation of ridges, the installation of elastic drip irrigation pipes, and the application of polyethylene film in a single pass. The main design parameters and technological scheme of the device are substantiated. According to the results obtained, the new device will save 30-40% of water resources and increase labor productivity by 2-2.5 times.
film bedding, melon crops, ridge formation, drip irrigation, mulching, combined unit, agrotechnics.
THE GREAT COMMANDER AMIR TEMUR AS THE FOUNDER OF UZBEK STATEHOOD
This article scientifically analyzes the role of the great commander and statesman Amir Temur in the history of Uzbek statehood. The study examines the process of establishing a centralized state by Amir Temur under the conditions of political fragmentation, internal conflicts, and Mongol invasions in Movarounnahr during the second half of the fourteenth century. The article also analyzes, on the basis of historical sources, the system of state administration, military campaigns, diplomatic relations, and political-legal principles reflected in the “Temur’s Codes” (Temur Tuzuklari). Amir Temur’s military strategy, centralized governance policy, and international diplomatic activity are evaluated as significant factors in the development of the Timurid state.
Амир Темур, государство Темуридов, Мавераннахр, централизованное государство, государственное управление, военные походы, дипломатические связи, Уложения Темура, историография, Сахибкиран.
THE POETIC HERITAGE OF MUHAMMAD SHAYBANI KHAN AND ITS LEXICAL ANALYSIS
This study is devoted to the lexical analysis of the divan of Muhammad Shaybani Khan. It examines the linguistic features, vocabulary richness, and artistic means of expression in the work. The results show that the divan contains a complex linguistic system combining Turkic, Arabic, and Persian lexical elements. It is also revealed that the use of lexical units related to love, religious-educational, and historical themes enhances both the artistic and historical significance of the divan. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic aspects of Shaybani Khan’s literary heritage.
divan, lexicon, classical literature, Turkic language, Arabic vocabulary, Persian vocabulary, ghazal, rubai, artistic language, historical source, text analysis
ADEQUATE INTERPRETATION OF NATIONAL AND CULTURAL REALIA IN TRANSLATION
This article analyzes the problem of adequate interpretation of national and cultural realia in the process of translation. In particular, it examines the role of culture-specific lexical units related to people’s way of life in literary texts, as well as their semantic and pragmatic functions and the challenges that arise in translation. The study identifies the advantages and disadvantages of such methods as transliteration, equivalence, and descriptive (explicatory) translation, and substantiates the priority of the functional approach. In addition, the paper discusses the issue of maintaining a balance between preserving national coloring and ensuring the comprehensibility of the translated text. The findings demonstrate that a context- and function-based approach to rendering culture-specific words is the most effective strategy in translation practice.
translation, culture-specific words, national coloring, transliteration, pragmatic adequacy, functional approach, literary translation, linguoculture.
STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF MEASUREMENT UNITS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH
The structural and semantic characteristics of measurement units in Uzbek and English are examined in this article. It examines the syntactic and lexical structures, semantic functions, and linguistic role of measurement units. Measurement units are mostly used as nouns in Uzbek, and their singular or plural forms depend on the context. Units follow stringent grammatical restrictions and can be either countable or uncountable nouns in English. Additionally, the study emphasizes compound units, numeral usage, cross-linguistic parallels and contrasts, and practical applications. The results are useful for lexical-semantic analysis, translation, and language instruction.
Measurement units, semantics, quantity, linguistics, translation, measurement system, logical analysis, interrelation.
THE IMAGE OF PUSHKIN IN M.A. BULGAKOV’S NOVEL ‘THE MASTER AND MARGARITA’
The image of Pushkin in M.A. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" represents one of the most enigmatic and significant figures in the work . Pushkin appears in the novel as a ghost, as an embodiment of the genius of Russian literature, and as a symbol of eternal human beauty This article analyzes the image of Pushkin using methods of symbolic analysis, intertextual reading, and existential hermeneutics . The research demonstrates that Pushkin in Bulgakov's novel appears not merely as a historical character, but as an archetype of creativity, freedom, and resistance to injustice . The image of Pushkin correlates with the image of the Master, creating a profound parallel between the fate of the great poet of the nineteenth century and the situation of the artist in the Soviet epoch . The analysis demonstrates that through the image of Pushkin, Bulgakov raises questions about the nature of creativity, about the immortality of true art, and about the place of the artist in history .Pushkin becomes a kind of spiritual guide and ideal model for the Master, embodying eternal artistic values above the political and ideological currents of the era.
NATIONAL MENTALITY AND CONCEPTUAL THINKING: COGNITIVE DIFFERENCES OF THE CONCEPTS OF “COURAGE” AND “PATIENCE” IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN, AND UZBEK CULTURES
This article explores the relationship between national mentality and conceptual thinking through a comparative analysis of the concepts of “courage” and “patience” in English, Russian, and Uzbek cultures. The study is grounded in the framework of linguoculturology and cognitive linguistics, focusing on how these concepts are shaped by cultural values, historical experiences, and social norms. The research examines the semantic structures, cultural connotations, and cognitive interpretations of the concepts in the three languages. The concept of courage is analyzed as a universal human value, yet its cultural representation varies significantly: in English culture, it is often associated with individualism and personal autonomy; in Uzbek culture, it reflects collectivism, honor, and social responsibility; while in Russian culture, it is frequently linked with endurance and moral strength. Similarly, the concept of patience demonstrates both shared and culture-specific features, being connected with perseverance, tolerance, and emotional control, but interpreted differently depending on cultural mentality.
national mentality, conceptual thinking, courage, patience, linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, cultural values, semantics, intercultural communication, Uzbek culture, Russian culture, English culture.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF RIDGE-FORMING WORKING BODIES OF A PLASTIC MULCH LAYING MACHINE FOR CUCURBIT CROPS
The increasing demand for resource-efficient and sustainable agricultural technologies has intensified the need for optimizing soil preparation processes, particularly in the cultivation of cucurbit crops. Among modern agrotechnical practices, plastic mulching has proven to be highly effective in improving soil microclimate, conserving moisture, and enhancing crop productivity. However, the efficiency of mulch application is largely determined by the quality of ridge formation, which depends on the design and operational parameters of ridge-forming working bodies. This study aims to provide a comprehensive scientific justification of these parameters through a combination of theoretical modeling and experimental validation. The research identifies optimal geometric and kinematic characteristics that ensure stable ridge formation, uniform mulch placement, and reduced energy consumption. The findings contribute to the advancement of agricultural machinery design and support the development of more efficient and adaptive cultivation technologies for cucurbit crops
ridge formation, plastic mulch, cucurbit crops, agricultural machinery, soil preparation, optimization.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF SIMULATION-BASED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the psychological effectiveness of simulation-based educational technologies. Particular attention is given to the impact of simulation-based learning on the cognitive, emotional, and motivational domains of личности, as well as its role in the development of professional competencies and practical readiness. The findings indicate that simulation-based technologies contribute to the enhancement of reflective thinking, increased stress resilience, and improved decision-making abilities. Furthermore, simulation-based learning facilitates deeper knowledge acquisition through active learner engagement in the educational process.
simulation-based learning, psychological effectiveness, reflection, professional competence, cognitive processes, emotional intelligence, stress resilience
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF PROFESSIONAL STRESS AND EMOTIONAL STRAIN AMONG INSPECTOR-PSYCHOLOGISTS
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the socio-psychological factors of occupational stress and emotional strain arising in the professional activity of inspector-psychologists. It also examines the causes of stress, its impact on individual professional performance, emotional exhaustion syndrome, and the processes of professional burnout. Based on the research findings, recommendations aimed at reducing stress levels and enhancing psychological resilience are proposed.
occupational stress, emotional strain, inspector-psychologist, burnout, psychological resilience, social factors, professional activity.
MODERN PARADIGMS OF TEACHING PHYSICS IN TECHNICAL HIGHER EDUCATION AT THE STAGE OF DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes, from a scientific and pedagogical perspective, the modern paradigms of teaching physics in technical higher education institutions in the context of digital transformation. It examines the impact of the digital learning environment, virtual laboratories, simulation modeling, STEM integration, and artificial intelligence-based adaptive learning technologies on the effectiveness of physics education. The methodological foundations of the competency-based approach in training specialists in technical fields, particularly in electrical engineering and energy, are also highlighted.
digital education, physics teaching methodology, virtual laboratory, simulation, STEM, competency-based approach, engineering education, artificial intelligence
ENSURING LIFE SAFETY OF STUDENTS AND IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of ensuring life safety of students and in industrial environments. The study examines theoretical foundations, classification of hazards, risk assessment and management mechanisms. Special attention is given to human factors, ergonomics, industrial safety, and modern technologies.
life safety, students, industry, risk management, labor protection, ergonomics, safety culture.
ENSURING STUDENTS’ LIFE SAFETY AND SAFETY IN THE PROCESS OF EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE
This article analyzes the issue of ensuring students’ life safety within the educational process, particularly during practical training. The study examines methodological foundations of safety, types and sources of risks, and safety management systems in higher education institutions. Special attention is given to risks arising during practice and measures to mitigate them. The results highlight the importance of a systematic approach, prevention, and risk management.
life safety, students, educational practice, risk management, labor protection, safety culture.
COMMON IDEAS IN THE POEMS OF AHMAD YASSAVI AND YUNUS EMRO
This article provides a comparative analysis of the ideological commonality, linguistic features, and humanistic principles in the works of two great pillars of Turkish mystical literature - Khoja Ahmed Yassavi and Yunus Emro. The article scientifically substantiates the artistic form and content of the "Hikmat" tradition initiated by Yassavi in the works of Yunus Emro.
Teaching English grammar effectively remains a challenge in foreign language education, particularly in contexts where traditional methods fail to engage learners. This literature review explores the integration of games as a pedagogical tool for enhancing grammar acquisition, drawing on gamification strategies and anthropocentric linguistic paradigms. Key findings indicate that games boost motivation, reduce anxiety, and improve retention across primary and higher education levels. The review synthesizes evidence from Uzbek educational contexts and broader EFL studies, highlighting communicative and contextual gaming approaches. Implications suggest hybrid methods combining playful activities with human-centered grammar analysis to foster meaningful learning.
English grammar teaching, gamification, games in EFL, anthropocentric paradigms, motivation in language learning.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERSONALITY IMAGE IN M. GORKY’S AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TRILOGY
The article examines the evolution of personality in Maxim Gorky’s autobiographical trilogy Childhood, In the World, and My Universities. The study focuses on the development of the protagonist Alyosha Peshkov within the socio-historical context of late nineteenth-century Russia. The stages of the hero’s spiritual growth are analyzed, from the emotional perception of reality in childhood to the gradual formation of an independent worldview based on the pursuit of knowledge and moral autonomy. Particular attention is paid to the influence of life hardships, labor experience, reading, and interaction with representatives of different social groups on the development of the protagonist’s worldview. It is demonstrated that the evolution of personality in the trilogy unfolds as a gradual expansion of life experience accompanied by the deepening of reflection and moral awareness.
Maxim Gorky, autobiographical trilogy, Childhood, In the World, My Universities, personality evolution, worldview formation, life experience, social environment, spiritual development.
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING 21st CENTURY SKILLS IN STUDENTS BASED ON GLOBAL AND NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS
This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of developing 21st-century skills in students based on the integration of global and national educational concepts. In the context of modern education, the priority of a competency-based approach necessitates the development of critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration skills. The study employs theoretical analysis, empirical observation, and experimental methods. The findings indicate that the integration of national educational values with global pedagogical approaches positively influences students’ personal, social, and cognitive development. Furthermore, an integrative methodology enhances the effective formation of key 21st-century competencies in the learning process.
21st-century skills, national education, global educational concepts, competency-based approach, integrative methodology, innovative pedagogy
In an era of rapid development of digital technologies, the importance of reading culture and its impact on the thinking of young people are analyzed. The changes occurring in the reading process as a result of the increasing flow of information, the widespread use of social media, and electronic devices are highlighted. The specific features of traditional and electronic reading are compared, and their advantages and disadvantages are examined. Furthermore, the role of reading in promoting a culture of reading among youth, developing critical thinking skills, and strengthening moral and ethical values is substantiated.
Digital age, reading culture, reading, e-book, traditional book, youth, information technology, internet, social media, critical thinking, media literacy, spiritual development
REFORMS IN SPECIALIZED EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
This article analyzes the current state of the special education system in Uzbekistan, particularly the methodological and staffing challenges faced by children with hearing impairments. The article also puts forward specific proposals for modernizing the system.
surdopedagogy, inclusive education, sign language, boarding school for the deaf, methodology, social protection
COMPLEX EFFECT OF BIOSTIMULANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE BIOMASS OF MICROGREENS
Microgreens are plants with a short vegetation period and high nutritional value. In this study, the effects of light, temperature, humidity, and biostimulators on biomass were investigated under indoor conditions. Under optimal environmental conditions and with the application of beneficial microorganisms and seaweed extract, biomass, root and leaf development, and chlorophyll content increased. The integrated management of these factors improves yield and quality.
microgreens, biomass, biostimulant, light, temperature, humidity, photosynthesis, integrated management
INCREASING THE BIOMASS OF BRASSICA OLERACEA MICROGREENS THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF AN ORGANIC BIOSTIMULANT
This study investigated the potential to increase biomass of Brassica oleracea (broccoli and cabbage) microgreens through the application of organic biostimulants. A Bacillus spp.–based biostimulant and a plant-derived protein hydrolysate were used. Stem length, root development, and fresh green biomass were evaluated, and the results were compared with international studies.
Brassica oleracea, microgreens, biostimulant, biomass, Bacillus, fresh weight
THE ROLE OF EMPATHY AND REFLECTION IN PROFESSIONAL MATURITY
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the concepts of empathy and reflection, their role in the formation of professional maturity, and their influence on the professional development of specialists. Empathy is considered as an important psychological mechanism that ensures effective interpersonal communication, while reflection is viewed as a cognitive process that facilitates awareness, evaluation, and improvement of professional activity. The article substantiates the interrelation between empathy and reflection and highlights their significance in the development of professional competence and professional responsibility.
empathy, reflection, professional maturity, professional competence, personality development, communication
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN PROTECTING MINORS FROM VARIOUS HARMFUL INFORMATION
This article analyzes the course of reforms being implemented in the education system of our Republic, particularly in general secondary schools, their effectiveness, the achievements attained, existing shortcomings, and ways to eliminate and improve them. It examines the problems students face in the proper use of artificial intelligence, as well as the advantages of the newly introduced “Future Hour” lessons compared to the previously conducted “Class Hour” lessons. Special attention is given to issues of properly shaping the upbringing and patriotic values of school-aged youth in the context of the New Uzbekistan
development strategy, reforms, digital technologies, artificial intelligence, spirituality and enlightenment, Future Hour, Class Hour
ISSUES OF DEVELOPIN YOUNG PEOPLE’S SKILLS IN USING ARTIFCIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PROCESS OF EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
THE IMPORTANCE OF ACHIEVING SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC IDENTITY OF IDIOMS IN TRANSLATION
Previous studies on idiomatic translation highlight the inherent difficulties posed by expressions that carry non-literal meanings deeply rooted in cultural contexts, making direct word-for-word transfers often ineffective or misleading. Research suggests that translators frequently rely on strategies like paraphrasing to convey the intended sense without losing the original’s essence, though perfect equivalence is rare across languages. Evidence leans toward the idea that cultural adaptation plays a crucial role, with varying success depending on linguistic distances and text types, such as literature or subtitles. It’s worth noting that while some approaches prioritize fidelity to the source, others emphasize readability in the target language, reflecting ongoing debates in translation theory
Idiomatic translation, non-literal meaning, cultural context, literal translation, paraphrasing strategy, meaning equivalence, cultural adaptation, linguistic distance, text types (literature, subtitles), facilitated source, readability, translation theory.